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二、 從 句

一、狀語從句

（一）定義 ：在復(fù)合句中由從句表示的狀語稱作狀語從句，它可以用來修飾謂語（包括非謂語動(dòng)詞）、定語或狀語，或是整個(gè)句子。

（二）狀語從句一般分為八大類 

時(shí)間狀語從句

地點(diǎn)狀語從句原因狀語從句   

目的狀語從句結(jié)果狀語從句  

條件狀語從句方式狀語從句   

讓步狀語從句

 

 

1. 時(shí)間狀語從句 

When  ---當(dāng)……時(shí)候, 通常指某一特定的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，主句與從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。

When I opened the window, Isaw him come up.

When --- 正在……的時(shí)候，突然…。通常主句是進(jìn)行時(shí)或     be about to 時(shí)，在翻譯的時(shí)候，when 可以譯成沒想到或突然。I waswalking along the street , when I met him.

When 當(dāng)從句是進(jìn)行時(shí)，主句是一般時(shí)，往往表示不滿。Someone knocked at the door when I was having breakfast. 

When=afterWhen the childrenhad gone to bed, she began to prepare her lessons.

While ---在……期間，往往指一段時(shí)間。While wewere inAmerica, we saw him twice. 

While ---表示一種不滿情緒，意思是這邊在干某種重要的事，而另一邊在享受等。We are cleaning the classroom while they are playing the football.

As --- 一邊……一邊, 隨著She was doing her homework as she was listening to the music. 

As --- 當(dāng)……時(shí)，指一個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生，從句通常用進(jìn)行時(shí)。As I was going out, it began to rain. 

The moment --- 一……就…… =as soon as , immediately,---Did you remember to give Mary themoney you owed her?---Yes, I gave her the moment I saw her. 

Not… until --- 直到……才He didn’t leave the office until he finished the work. 

Before --- 在……之前The passengers should arrive at the airport an hour before theflight departs. 

After --- 在…… 之后The customerleft the ticket counter after he had a quarrel with the ticket agent.

Since ---自從……, 通常主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)I have never been there again since I graduated from theuniversity.It is just a week since we arrived here.         

As soon as --- 一……就……Jack went to school as soon as he got well. 

No sooner than --- 一……就……no sooner…than… 用于句首要求倒裝

Hardly …when…Scarcely …when…No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 

Once  --- 一但……就……Once you see him, you will never forget him. 

Every time, each time 每次whenever 每當(dāng)Each time he came to town, he would visitour school. 

 

2. 條件狀語從句 

引導(dǎo)狀語從句的連接詞有：If如果, unless除非, as long as只要, As (so) far as --- 據(jù)……所知，in case萬一, provided that假如, on condition that若是，以…為條件 

If ---如果If you don’t hurry up, you will miss theplane. 

Unless --- 如果不, 除非=if notWe can’t get there on time unless we book the earliest flight 

As long as --- 只要We will succeed as long as we keep ontrying. 

As (so) far as --- 據(jù)……所知As far as I know,he speaks English very well. 

In case --- 假使, 如果The plane cannottake off in case it rains.

Provided that 如果,有時(shí)省略 thatTheplane will be in good condition provided that it is taken care of carefully.

On condition that --- 條件是…He saidthat he would come to the meeting on condition that no one asked him to speak. 

注:主從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在將來時(shí)，則主句用將來時(shí), 從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。If he arrives tomorrow, I will bewaiting for him at the airport.

 

3. 地點(diǎn)狀語從句 

地點(diǎn)狀語從句只有兩個(gè)連詞: Where, wherever 

Where --- 在……地方Where there is a will, there is a way. 

Wherever --- 無論哪里Whereveryou are, I will be right there waiting for you. 

 

4. 原因狀語從句 

because, as, since, now that, 和consideringthat, seeing that 這六個(gè)連詞都用于表示表示原因, 但在語氣上一個(gè)比一個(gè)弱. 

Because --- 因?yàn)?通常從句放在主句后.Mr Smithwas very upset because he couldn’t find his luggage. 

As --- 因?yàn)? 通常放在句首As he ishonest and modest, all his friends like him. 

Since ---既然 因語氣較弱, 常譯為既然(眾所周知的原因)Sinceeverybody has come, we can set off. 

Now that --- 既然Now that you are here, you can join us. 

considering that --- 顧及到Considering that they are just beginners,they are doing quite a good job. 

seeing that --- 由于Seeing (that) quite a few people wereabsent, we decided to put the meeting off.

 

5. 結(jié)果狀語從句 

引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的連詞有：that, so that, so…that…

such…that  So… that --- 太……以至于 so 后面應(yīng)用形容詞或副詞,有時(shí)省略so只用thatBoeing 747 is solarge that people like to call it jet bomb噴氣炸彈. 

So that --- 因而，以便，為了 有時(shí)so可以省去Speak louder please so that the people at the backcan hear you. 

Such …that… ---太……以至于 用法與so…that相同，但such后面應(yīng)用名詞。The foreign visitor was such a fast speaker thatnobody could understand him.

 

6. 目的狀語從句 

引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的主要連詞有: that, so that, in orderthat, for fear that, lest

(So) that --- 以便, 從句中常常使用一些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，如：can, could, may, might, should等Let’s takethe front seats (so) that we may see more clearly. 

in order that --- 為了, 與so that  相同從句中常常使用一些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，如：can, could, may, might, should等School wasclosed early in order that the children might go home ahead of the storm.

for fear that --- 生怕; 為了防止(某事發(fā)生)He took the name down for fear that he should forget it.  

in case  --- 萬一You shouldbring a dictionary in case you need it. 

Lest --- 以防萬一The man decided to tell his boss the fact lest hewould be angry with him. 

 

7. 讓步狀語從句

引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的連詞有：Although, though, as, evenif, even though, no matter, however, whatever, while, whether.

Although, though ---雖然 although  和though 可以互換，但although 常放在句首。Though可以用于倒裝。Although it was raining, the plane managed to take off.Though he didhis best, he didn’t succeed. 

As --- 盡管  as 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時(shí)，句子通常倒裝?？膳cthough 互換。Busy as he is, he never misses a football match. 

Even if /even though ---即使Even if you don’t like your boss, you shoulddo your work. 

However --- 不論， however 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時(shí)，句子通常倒裝He couldn’t get there on time however fast he drove. 

No matter (what, when, where,how) ---無論（什么，何時(shí)，何地，怎樣）He wouldn’t forgive me no matter how hard I begged him. 

Whatever --- 不管Whatever other people may say, she won’t change hermind. 

While ---盡管While I have sympathy for you, I can’t help you. 

Whether ---不管，常與or not 連用Whetherhe is good or not, the company decided to send him abroad. 

 

8. 方式狀語從句

方式狀語從句常由: as,  as if,  asthough 

as ---與…… 一樣Do in Rome as the Romans do. 

as if, as though --- 仿佛, 由as if或 as though引導(dǎo)的從句中可用虛擬語氣She stood at the dooras if (=as though) she were waiting for someone.

 

（三）狀語從句的考點(diǎn)一般集中在：連接詞的選用、時(shí)間狀語與謂語動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系、主句和從句動(dòng)詞的一致以及同近義連接詞的辨析等。主要題型包括單項(xiàng)選擇、完成句子、句型轉(zhuǎn)換等。

巧記狀語從句用法口訣

狀語從句三要點(diǎn)，時(shí)間原因和條件：

從句如果表時(shí)間，when, after等放前面。

從句如果表原因，多用because來導(dǎo)引；

if引導(dǎo)條件句，though/although讓步前。

目的結(jié)果so that, 比較用than記心間。

時(shí)間條件狀語從，現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)將來表。

【說明】

從句的分類和從句的引導(dǎo)詞

（1）時(shí)間狀語從句

when, while, as，before,after, since

whenever, as soon as，till/until,not …until

（2）條件狀語從句

if, unless

（3）原因狀語從句

because

（4）目的狀語從句

so that, in order that

結(jié)果狀語從句

so…that, such…that

（5）讓步狀語從句

though/although, even if，whatever,

（6）比較狀語從句

than, as …as，not as/so …as

（7）地點(diǎn)狀語從句

where, wherever

【?？键c(diǎn)】

1. 在時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，當(dāng)主句是將來時(shí)或含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或是祈使句時(shí)，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來，即“主將從現(xiàn)”。

2. 引導(dǎo)詞的正確選擇以及when,while, as的用法區(qū)別。

3. when, if引導(dǎo)狀語從句和賓語從句時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別。

4. so …that與such…that的區(qū)別以及與too…to, enough to之間的同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。

5. than, as …as, notas/so …as的用法。

【典型例題】

1. He doesn’t tell mewhen he will come. I’ll call you as soon as he comes. 他沒有告訴我什么時(shí)候來，他一來我就會(huì)給你打電話的。

2. I don’t know if hewill come tomorrow. If he comes, I will let you know. 我不知道他明天是否來，如果他來，我會(huì)讓你知道的。

3、You won’t pass the exam if you don’t work hard. =Youwon’t pass the exam unless you work hard. 如果你不努力學(xué)習(xí)，你將不能通過考試。

4. He got up early thismorning so that he could catch the early bus. =He got up early this morning inorder to catch the early bus. 他今天早上早起是為了趕早班車。

5. The apples are so high thatI can’t reach them. =The apples are too high for me to reach. 蘋果太高了以致于我夠不到。

 

二、賓語從句

（一）定義 ：在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句。

（二）連接詞 ：that:  I think that you can pass theexam.Whether/if: I don’t know what the word means.“Wh”:  I don’t know what the word means.I don’t knowwhere he found the book. 

只用whether的情況：1. 與or not連用：I don’t know whether it’s raining or not.2. 與動(dòng)詞不定式連用：He doesn’t know whether to accept the invitation.3. 連接詞前有介詞時(shí)：It depends on whether he is coming.

（三）時(shí)態(tài)  

1. 主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，從句根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定(各種時(shí)態(tài)均可)She wants to know what he hasdone for the exam. 

2.主句是一般過去時(shí)態(tài)，從句用相應(yīng)的過去的時(shí)態(tài)。1）She saidthat she was a student.2）She said that she would fly toJapan in a week.3）She said that she had finished herhomework already.

3. 如果賓語從句說的是客觀真理、自然現(xiàn)象或事實(shí)時(shí)，這時(shí)賓語從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。The teacher saidthat the earth goes round the sun. 

 

（四）賓語從句的考點(diǎn)一般集中在：賓語從句連接詞的確定、賓語從句的語序、與某些動(dòng)詞相關(guān)的句式結(jié)構(gòu)，賓語從句和簡單句的轉(zhuǎn)換等。主要題型包括單項(xiàng)選擇、句型轉(zhuǎn)換、完成句子等。

巧記賓語從句的用法口訣

賓語從句要注意，引導(dǎo)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語序。

陳述that來引導(dǎo)，一般可以省略去。

一般問句表“是否”，if/whether來引導(dǎo)。

特殊問句作賓語，引導(dǎo)全用疑問詞。

不管何詞作引導(dǎo)，陳述語序要記牢。

主句謂語過去時(shí)，主從時(shí)態(tài)要一致。

賓從敘述是真理，從句就用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

【說明】賓語從句的三要素

1、引導(dǎo)詞

that:       陳述句（可省略）

if/whether:  一般疑問句

疑問詞：  特殊疑問句

2、語序：陳述句語序。

3、時(shí)態(tài)：

（1）主句謂語動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)，賓語從句可以根據(jù)實(shí)際情況用各種所需要的時(shí)態(tài)。

（2）主句謂語動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí)，賓語從句要用相應(yīng)的過去的某一種時(shí)態(tài)（一般過去時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)）

（3）如果賓語從句敘述的是真理，主句雖然是過去時(shí)，但從句仍要用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

【典型例題】

1. He said, “The sunrises in the east.”

→He said (that) the sun rises in theeast.

2. “How did Lilygo to school?” Could you tell me?

→Could you tell me how Lily went toschool?

3. He asked me, “Have youbeen to Beijing?”

→He asked me if/whether I had been toBeijing.

4. I don’t knowwhether you like the present or not.

5. I don’t know how Ishould do it.(賓語從句)

=I don’t know howto do it.（簡單句）

 I don’t know what I should do.

=I don’t know whatto do.

【特殊情況】

由think, believe, suppose, expect等動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，如果從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是否定的含義，要將否定形式轉(zhuǎn)換到主句。我們通常稱之為“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”。

【典型例題】

He isn’t right. Ithink.

→ I don’t think(that) he is right.

 

三、定語從句

（一）定義 ：在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞、代詞的從句叫定語從句。

（二）先行詞 ：先行詞指人  who /that，先行詞指物  which/ that，定語從句一般緊跟被修飾的名詞或代詞（即先行詞）后

（三）關(guān)系代詞  

關(guān)系代詞代替先行詞在句子中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分，所以從句中不可再出現(xiàn)其他代替先行詞的代詞。

（四）翻譯方法  “…. 的” 

Whom: 先行詞指人，則代替先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語（包括介詞的賓語）, 與who的區(qū)別是如果前面帶介詞則必須用whom
1. This is the teacher whomwho we like best.2. I don’t like the boy to whom youare talking. 

Whose : 指人或物，作定語，表示 “…的”eg:Harry is the boy whose mother is our math teacher. 

關(guān)系代詞只能 that 的特殊情況： 

1.先行詞前有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)：Thisis the first gift that my parents bought me.

2.先行詞前有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)：This is the most exciting film that I have ever seen.

3. 先行詞是不定代詞something, anything等時(shí).e.g.  Is there anything that you want in this shop 

4.  先行詞是人和物時(shí), 用that.e.g.He talked about some writers and books that were unknown to us all.  

5. 先行詞被all ,little , the only , the very(就是，正是), the last 等詞修飾時(shí),只能用thate.g.  This is the last place that Iwant to visit. 

6. 特殊疑問句以who 或which 開頭，只能用that引導(dǎo).Whois the girl that is making a speech on the platform? 

當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前使用介詞時(shí)：物+介詞+which ;  人+ 介詞 + whom

當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前使用介詞時(shí)：e.g.  1. This is the train by which we went toBeijing.2. This is the teacher to whom my mother is talking.

 

（五）定語從句的考點(diǎn)是：

考查關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句，主要包括連接詞的確定、定語從句關(guān)系詞的用法區(qū)別以及定語從句與其他句式的轉(zhuǎn)換等。主要題型包括：單項(xiàng)選擇、完成句子和句型轉(zhuǎn)換。

1. 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

(1) 巧記定語從句中關(guān)系代詞的用法

定語從句作定語，定啥放在啥后面。

被定成分先行詞，從句需有系詞連。

指人要用who或whom, “誰的”whose名詞前。

表示某物用which, that人、物可雙兼。

【說明】

關(guān)系代詞

人：that, who，主語、表語、賓語（可省略），whom作賓語，通常跟在介詞后

物：that, which，主語、表語、賓語

人/物：that，主語、表語、賓語

 

關(guān)系副詞

物：when時(shí)間狀語，where地點(diǎn)狀語，the reason why原因狀語

【注意】

★ 關(guān)系代詞which, that, who在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱、數(shù)必須與先行詞保持一致。

【典型例題】

★ These are my books which/that werebought by my teacher. 這些就是我的老師買給我的書。

【解析】 先行詞為books，表示物，故可以用that或which; 而先行詞books為復(fù)數(shù)，故動(dòng)詞用were而不用was.

★ The classroom whose windows werebroken is ours. 窗戶被打破的那個(gè)教室是我們的。（后有名詞windows）

(2) that和which表示物的用法區(qū)別

口訣：

that, which可互換，下列情況勿照辦。

that情況比較多，不妨對(duì)你說一說：

不定代詞這一伙，全用that準(zhǔn)沒錯(cuò)；

如有序數(shù)最高級(jí)，that更要當(dāng)模范。

要用which別著急，介詞逗號(hào)沒問題。

【說明】

（1）只能用that的情況：先行詞是all, few, little, only, no, any,all，nothing, everything等詞時(shí)。

（2）有序數(shù)詞和形容詞的最高級(jí)時(shí)。

先行詞既包括人又包括物時(shí)，只能用which的情況;

在介詞后只能用which(物)或whom(人);

在非限制性定語從句（有逗號(hào)）中，先行詞如果是物，只能用which

（3）其它

當(dāng)先行詞指人，在句中作主語時(shí)多用who.

當(dāng)先行詞是who時(shí)，用that.

當(dāng)先行詞是those時(shí)，用who.

【典型例題】

★ All who heard the story were amazed.

聽到這個(gè)故事的人都感到吃驚。(all指人)

★ This is the most beautiful picturethat you have ever drawn. 這是你所畫的最漂亮的圖畫。（最高級(jí)用that）

★ The first thing (that) we should dois to learn all the subjects well. 我們應(yīng)該做的第一件事是學(xué)好所有的學(xué)科。（有序數(shù)詞）

2. 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

(1) 關(guān)系副詞when的基本用法

關(guān)系副詞when修飾表示時(shí)間的名詞（如day, month, year, last night等），在從句中作時(shí)間狀語。意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)介詞加which（如on which, in which等）。

如果先行詞是上述表示時(shí)間的名詞，可能用which/that, 也可能用when, 關(guān)鍵看它在從句中所作的成分，只有作時(shí)間狀語時(shí)才能用when, 而作主語、賓語、表語時(shí)要用which/that. 如：

★ August is a hot month when (=inwhich) I was born. 我出生的八月是一個(gè)很熱的月份。

【解析】先行詞為August, 而wheh在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。

★ I will never forget the days when(=on which) we got together. 我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起的日子。

【解析】先行詞為days, 表時(shí)間，when在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語.

(2) 關(guān)系副詞where的基本用法

關(guān)系副詞where修飾表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，在句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語，意義上也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)介詞加which. 如：

★ I’m going tovisit the city where Jim was born. 我打算去參觀吉姆出生的那個(gè)城市。

【解析】先行詞為city, 表地點(diǎn)，where在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。

★ I’m going tovisit the city that/which has many places of interest. 我打算去參觀有許多名勝的城市。

【解析】先行詞為city, 在定語從句中缺主語，故用that或which.

(3) 關(guān)系副詞why的基本用法

關(guān)系副詞why通常用于修飾名詞reason（理由，原因），在句中用作原因狀語，意義上相當(dāng)于for which. 如：

★ This is the reason why (=for which) Iam leaving tomorrow. 這就是我明天離開的原因。

【解析】先行詞是the reason，故用why.

 

（六） 知識(shí)概要 ?

定語從句并不屬于中考范圍，但由于作者在多年的教學(xué)中體會(huì)到，這一語法現(xiàn)象影響了許多學(xué)生自學(xué)英語。這些學(xué)生一般是成績較好的學(xué)生，想進(jìn)行大量閱讀來提高自己的英語水平，但總是碰到一些問題，百思不得其解?？嘤谧约旱乃街幌抻诔踔兴?，無法提高，但各種補(bǔ)習(xí)班又都是為一些水平較差的學(xué)生開設(shè)的，所以又投師無門。為了解決這部分學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)困難，也為那些有志青年鋪平學(xué)習(xí)上的道路，特用這一節(jié)講述定語從句，不是從語法上講述，而是從閱讀理解方面去講述?？晒┩瑢W(xué)們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)時(shí)參考。這會(huì)對(duì)你的英語學(xué)習(xí)起到事半功倍的作用。?對(duì)于形容詞我們已十分熟悉了，如： a good book， 形容詞 good 用來修飾書 book。 我們也可以用一個(gè)句子來修飾名詞，這種句子叫做形容詞性從句，它起修飾名詞的作用，又被叫做定語從句(The attributive clause)。但有一點(diǎn)不同的是這個(gè)從句不是像形容詞那樣放于名詞前，而是放在名詞之后。它所修飾的名詞又被叫作先行詞，如： Do you know the scientist who gave us the talk this afternoon? 這句中的主句是 Do you know the scientist? (你知道那位科學(xué)家嗎?)而 who gave us the talk this afternoon (他今天下午給我們作的報(bào)告。)是定語從句。所以這兩句話合為一體即是：你認(rèn)識(shí)今天下午給我們作報(bào)告的那位科學(xué)家嗎?這里 scientist 叫作先行詞，而 who 叫作定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。 who 在定語從句中起主語的作用， who 的數(shù)與它的先行詞相同。又如： You must do everything that I do? 這里先行詞是 everything， 而 that I do 是定語從句，此句應(yīng)譯為：你必須作我所作的一切。 that 叫作定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，在句中作 do 的賓語。?引導(dǎo)定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有關(guān)系代詞： that， which， who， whom， whose 和關(guān)系副詞 when， where， why， how。不論關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞，都應(yīng)放于先行詞和定語從句之間，起聯(lián)系作用，但它們都要在定語從句中起語法作用，充當(dāng)一個(gè)成份。如關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中不是作主語便是作賓語，而關(guān)系副詞則是作狀語。我們先來看關(guān)系代詞的用法。①　that 的先行詞可以是人也可以是物。如： A plane is a machine that can fly? 這里先行詞是 machine 而 that 是關(guān)系代詞，在定語從句中作主語。這句譯為：飛機(jī)是一種會(huì)飛的機(jī)器。又如： I like the book (that) you lent me yesterday? 這里先行詞是 book， 關(guān)系代詞用 that， 它在定語從句中作 lend (借)的賓語。要注意的是關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作賓語時(shí)可以省略，即： I like the book you lent me yesterday?②　which 關(guān)系代詞的先行詞只能是物。它在定語從句中作主語或賓語，如： The book shop is a shop which sells books? 這里 shop 是先行詞， which 在從句中作主語。又如： The book (which) I read last night was wonderful? 這里主句是 The book was wonderful? 而定語從句是修飾主句的主語 book， 即我昨晚讀的那本書，which 在定語從句中作 read 的賓語，可以省略。?③　who， whom， whose? who 在定語從句中作主語， whom 是 who 的賓格，在定語從句中作賓語，而 whose 則是形容詞性物主代詞，在從句中作定語，如：The man who visited our school yesterday is an American friend? 昨天參觀我們學(xué)校的人是一位美國朋友。 Who 在定語從句中作主語。又如： Who's that woman (whom) you just talked to ? 你剛才與之談話的那個(gè)女人是誰?而 whom 作定語從句中介詞 to 的賓語，可以省略，而在現(xiàn)代英語中，句首的 whom 也常?？捎?who代替。?This is our classmate， Mary， whose home is not far from our school? 這是我們的同學(xué)瑪麗，她的家離我們學(xué)校不遠(yuǎn)。?為了便于理解，我們來看看是如何將兩句話并為一句話的。?

１．　 I saw the man.? He closed the door??

I saw the man who (that) closed the door?

2．　 The girl is happy? She won the race??

The girl who won the race is happy?

3．　 The students are from China? They sit in the front row??

The students who sit in the front row are from China?

(要注意的是先行詞是 students 則 who 的數(shù)也應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù)。)?

4．　 We are studying sentences? They contain adjective dause??

We are studying sentences that (which) contain adjective dause? ?

5．　 The taxi driver was friendly? He took me to the airport??

The taxi driver who took me to the airport was friendly? ?

6．　 The book was good? I read it??

The book that I read was good??

The book I read was good? ?

7．　 The people were very nice? We visited them yesterday??

The people we visited yesterday were very nice?

8．　 The man called the police? His wallet was stolen??

The man whose wallet was stolen called the police?

9．　 I come from a country? Its history goes back thousands of years??

I come from a country whose history goes back thousands of years?

10．　 I have to call the man? I picked up his umbrella after the meeting??

I have to call the man whose umbrella I picked up after the meeting?

關(guān)系代詞 whom， which 在定語從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)，可以和介詞一起放于先行詞與定語從句之間，有時(shí)為了關(guān)系緊湊也可以將 whom 與 which 與先行詞緊挨著書寫，而將介詞置于定語從句的后面，如：

That was the room in which we had lived for ten years? 或可以寫作：

That was the room which we had lived in for ten years??

He was the man whom(who) you were looking for? 要注意的是此句的關(guān)系代詞 whom 可以用主格取代，而 look for 是短語動(dòng)詞也不可將 for 放于定語從句之前。that 作關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語時(shí)，不能緊跟介詞，而只能將介詞置于定語從句的后面。如： The man that we were talking about has come to our school? 這時(shí)不可用 about that … 請(qǐng)看下面例句：?

1．　 The meeting was interesting? I went to it??

The meeting that I went to was interesting? ?

2．　 The man was very kind? I talked to him yesterday??

The man who I talked to yesterday was very kind?

3．　 I must thank the people? I got a present from him??

I must thank the people who I got a present from?

4．　 The picture was beautiful? She was looking at it??

The picture that (which) she was looking at was beautiful?

5．　 The man is standing over there? I told you about him??

The man who I told you about is standing over there?

?

除關(guān)系代詞外，還有關(guān)系副詞， when， where， why， 其中 when用來指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。如： I never forget the day when I first came to the Great Wall? 而 where 則指地點(diǎn)，如： This is the house where the old man lives? 請(qǐng)看下面例句：

1．　 The city was beautiful? We spent our vacation there??

The city where we spent our vacation was beautiful?

?

2．　 That is the restaurant? I will meet you there??

That is the restaurant where I will meet you?

?

3．　 The town is small? I grew up there??

The town where I grew up is small?

?

4．　 That is the drawer? I keep my newpapers there??

That is the drawer where I keep my newspapers?

?

5．　 Monday is the day? We will come then??

Monday is the day? When we will came?

?

6．　 ７∶０５ is the time My plane arrives then??

７∶０５ is the time when my plane arrives?

?

7．　 １９６０ is the year? The revolution took place then??

１９６０ is the year when the revolution took place?

?

8．　 July is the month? The weather is usually the hottest then??

July is the month when the weather is usually the hottest? ?

在定語從句中又可分為兩大類定語從句，即限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。?

①　限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，如果去掉的話，主句的意思就不完整，意義就表述不明。這種句型一般定語從句緊接先行詞，如：?I was the only person in my office who was invited??

②　非限制性定語從句。它與主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，只是對(duì)其附加說明，也就是講即便去掉定語從句，句意也不受影響，仍然清晰明了。這樣的定語從句要在它和主句之間加一逗號(hào)分開。且關(guān)系代詞不引導(dǎo)這種非限制性定語從句，如： Abraham Lincoln， who led the United States through these years， was shot on April １４，　１８６５ at a theatre in washington? Ｄ．?。茫∮秩纾篏alileo lived in the city of Pisa， where there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high???

 

（七） 正誤辨析 ?

［誤］ I won't tell you the name of the person who teach me English? ?

［正］ I won't tell you the name of the person who teaches me English? ?

［析］ 在定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞作主語時(shí)，從它本身看不出其數(shù)的形式，這時(shí)要由它的先行詞決定。這里who 應(yīng)由 the person 單數(shù)決定，應(yīng)該用單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。又如：I who am a student? want to find a spare time job?這里的 who 應(yīng)與 I 是一致的，所以其謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用am。? 

［誤］ We talked about the things and the people who we met during the Second World War? ?

［正］ We talked about the things and the people that we met during the Second World War? ?

［析］ 這里的關(guān)系代詞不要用 who， 因?yàn)槠湎刃性~有兩個(gè)一個(gè)是 things (物)，而另一個(gè)是people (人)，這時(shí)既不可用 who， 又不可用 which， 因前者只能用于先行詞是人的情況下，而后者則用于先行詞是物的情況下，所以只能用 that， 因?yàn)樗南刃性~既可以是人又可以是物。?

［誤］ The book， that I bought yesterday， was very good?

［正］ The book， which I bought yesterday， was very good? ?

［析］ 先行詞與定語從句被逗號(hào)分割開來時(shí)，即作為非限制性定語從句。在非限制性定語從句中which， when， who， whom， where， when， whose 等都可以和限制性定語從句中的作用一樣，而獨(dú)有 that 不易用于非限制性定語從句。?

［誤］ The dictionary which I lent it yesterday is a very useful tool? ?

［正］ The dictionary which I lent yesterday is a very useful tool? ?

［析］ 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中是要起語法作用的，它不是作主語就是作賓語。雖然在作賓語時(shí)它的位置由原來的賓語位置移到了句首，但它的作用依然存在，而且在原賓語位置上不能再出現(xiàn)賓語。?

［誤］ The teacher I want to learn English from is the one which comes from America

［正］ The teacher I want to learn English from is the one who comes from America

［析］ the one， anyone， those 作代詞并且是指某人、物時(shí)，其關(guān)系代詞不能用 which 應(yīng)用 who。?

［誤］ This is the room in that the old man lives? ?

［正］ This is the room in which the old man lives? ?

［正］ This is the room which the old man lives in? ?

［正］ This is the room that the old man lives in? ?

［析］ that 不能緊跟在介詞后作介詞賓語，但如果介詞不前置仍放于句尾，則可用 that 作引導(dǎo)詞，而且可以省略。如： This is the room the old man lives in??

［誤］ I can do everything which is good for you? ?

［正］ I can do everything that is good for you? ?

［析］ 在先行詞是 all， much， little， something， everything， anything， nothing， none， the one 等不定代詞時(shí)，雖然它們指的是物體，但不要用 which 而用 that 作定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。?

［誤］ The only thing which the students can do is studying hard? ?

［正］ The only thing that the students can do is studying hard? ?

［析］ 在先行詞前有 only， any， few， little， no， all， one of 等詞修飾時(shí)，雖然先行詞指的是物，也不要用 which 作關(guān)系代詞，而要用 that。?

［誤］ This is the first American film which I've ever seen? ?

［正］ This is the first American film that I've ever seen? ?

［析］ 在先行詞是序數(shù)詞，或由序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，其關(guān)系代詞不可用 which? 這樣的用法還有在形容詞最高級(jí)修飾的先行詞之后，如： This is the best book that I have ever seen

［誤］ He is from Africa, that we can see from the colour of the skin? ?

［正］ He is from Africa, as we can see from the colour of the skin? ?

［析］ 當(dāng) as 或 which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，它可能沒有明確的先行詞，它們所指代的是前面整個(gè)句子。如例題應(yīng)譯為他是從非洲來這個(gè)事情是可以從其膚色上看出的。?